Year 11 Exam>Year 11 Notes>Biology for GCSE/IGCSE>Chapter Note: Diseases and Immunity
- Pathogens and Immunity
- Definition of Microorganisms: Microorganisms are tiny organisms that are only visible under a microscope.
- Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause diseases.
- Groups of Pathogens:
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Protoctists
- Fungi
- Examples of Diseases:
- Viruses: Influenza, Common cold, Poliomyelitis, AIDS
- Bacteria: Cholera, Syphilis, Whooping cough, Tuberculosis
- Protoctists: Tetanus, Malaria, Amoebic dysentery
- Fungi: Athlete's foot, Ringworm
- Groups of Pathogens:
- Transmission of Pathogens:
- Direct Contact:
- Definition: Passing of a pathogen to an uninfected person.
- Examples:
- Viruses through blood contact
- Fungi through sharing contaminated items like towels
- Indirect Transmission:
- Respiratory Passage:
- Explanation: Viruses like cold and influenza spread through air droplets released when infected individuals speak or cough.
- Prevention: Avoid close contact with infected individuals, wash hands often, and avoid touching face.
- Food or Water:
- Foodborne Illnesses: Bacteria like Salmonella can enter the body through contaminated food, leading to food poisoning.
- Precautions: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, cook food properly to kill pathogens.
- Waterborne Diseases: Some pathogens like those causing poliomyelitis and cholera are transmitted through contaminated water sources.
- By Vectors:
- Definition: Vectors are organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another.
- Examples: Animals like dogs, skunks, raccoons, and bats can act as vectors for diseases like rabies.
- Respiratory Passage:
- Direct Contact:
- Body Defenses
- Mechanical Barriers
- Mechanical barriers serve as physical obstacles that prevent pathogens from entering the body.
- Examples include:
- Skin
- Nose hairs
- Chemical Barriers
- Chemical barriers consist of chemical substances within the body that help trap or eliminate pathogens.
- Examples include:
- Food hygiene
- Mucus
- It traps bacteria entering the respiratory system via air. Cilia move mucus upwards to the mouth.
- Stomach acid
- The acidity kills pathogens entering the digestive system through food.
- Practices to prevent contamination:
- Wash hands before handling or consuming food.
- Avoid contact between animals and food.
- Cover food to deter flies and animals.
- Refrigerate perishable foods promptly.
- Keep raw meat separate from other foods.
- Wash raw foods like salads and vegetables before consumption.
- Waste Disposal
- Rubbish accumulates in landfill sites attracting animals like flies and rats.
- Bacteria thrive in waste, leading to pollution and methane gas production.
- Methods like methane collection or ventilation prevent hazards.
- Sewage Treatment
- Sewage, a mix of water and various substances, poses health risks if not treated.
- Raw sewage contains pathogens that can cause diseases like poliomyelitis and cholera.
- Mechanical Barriers
- The Immune System
- Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, produce antibodies that help in destroying pathogens.
- Antibodies are protein molecules with specific shapes that fit antigens on pathogens, leading to their destruction.
- Upon contact with matching antigens, lymphocytes divide, produce antibodies, and destroy the pathogens.
- Memory cells are formed during the first infection with a specific pathogen, providing immunity upon subsequent encounters.
- Antibodies and Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes produce various antibodies, each tailored to fit specific antigen shapes.
- Antibodies can trigger phagocytes to destroy pathogens or initiate enzymatic reactions for pathogen digestion.
- Most lymphocytes remain inactive until encountering matching antigens, reducing energy wastage.
- Lymphocyte Response
- Upon encountering a pathogen, lymphocytes rapidly divide, creating clones that produce antibodies to combat the threat.
- Memory cells, created during initial infections, remain in the body to provide swift immune responses upon reinfection.
- Vaccination
- Vaccines introduce weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production without causing severe illness.
- Memory cells formed due to vaccination confer immunity upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
| Amount | Bacteria | Antibodies |
| 3 Days after contaminated food eaten | Second infection with the same type of bacteria | Antibodies Amount |
- Active and Passive Immunity:
- Active Immunity: This is the body's way of defending against pathogens by producing its own antibodies and memory cells. Active immunity can be acquired by:
- Getting the disease and recovering from it.
- Receiving a vaccine containing weakened pathogens.
- Passive Immunity: Provides short-term defense through the transfer of antibodies from another individual. Examples include:
- Transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant through breastfeeding.
- Receiving injected antibodies from another organism.
- Active Immunity: This is the body's way of defending against pathogens by producing its own antibodies and memory cells. Active immunity can be acquired by:
- Autoimmune Diseases:
- Lymphocytes mistakenly identify some of the body's cells as foreign invaders, leading to autoimmune diseases.
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks and damages the body's own cells. For instance, Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the immune system targets and destroys beta cells in the pancreas.
- Type 1 Diabetes:
- Insulin, a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, regulates blood glucose levels.
- In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys beta cells, leading to insufficient insulin production and uncontrolled blood sugar levels.
- Individuals with Type 1 diabetes manage their condition by regularly administering insulin and monitoring their diet.
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